In addition, to the Soviets' traditional they did not simply an existing rocket, although did closely adapt the orbiter s configuration. Whether Soviet decision to go the Energiya ELV booster the most cost-effective is to assess since it flew twice. Shuttle has achieved the high flight that were envisioned and an expensive way to payloads into space. rationale for reusability was it would enable quicker for launches and then turn, higher flight rates, lower costs per flight. Shuttle was designed reusability in mind since main engines are in orbiter and the SRBs refurbished after each flight. Thirdly, the Energiya was an launch vehicle (ELV) but U.S. The main problem is that they are very weak to mechanical constraints and can be broken with a finger. The main quality of those tiles are their high coefficient of emissivity near black body (0.85), it means that they offer a good dissipation to the heat and a good absorption to solar radiations. The upper side and the sides are covered by a glass layer made of borosilicate. The LRSI and HRSI are made of very fine silice (99.9%) and air (9/1). They are used on the upper side of the fuselage, of the wings and the vertical stabilizer.Įach tile is unique and has a serial number to put it in the exact place on the shield. The LRSI (Low temperature Reusable Surface Insulation) tiles are used where the temperature is low (under 650☌). They are used when the temperature is under 1260☌. Some HSRI tiles are also used on the leading edges of the vertical stabilizer, the underside of the body flap and the elevons. The HSRI (High Reusable Surface Insulation) tiles are used on the all the underside of the orbiter and around the portholes of the cabin. The nose is protected by a shield made from one piece of 1.5 m diameter, the leading edges of the wings are protected by 22 panels in U bolded to it. It is melted with isolating layers of inconel (metal) and plates of quartz to protect the lower part of the orbiter where the temperatures are high, more than 1260° (cabin, body, wings). The Reinforced Carbon Carbon (RCC) is made of composite carbon, grey. Later other materials were developed on certain zones like insulating coats. On the first orbiter (Columbia) four materials where selected, the reinforced carbon (RCC), tiles of silice for high and low temperatures LRSI and HRSI, and plates of FLRSI. They are selected to resists high temperatures and to be light. The materials used on the orbiter are passif (it means there is no cooling system). The algorithms are coded by different teams and in different langages to avoid mistakes. They make the same operation and synchronize together (to 440 times per second), the last one is the judge he take the decision and act as a backup if the other computers fail. Four computers receive the information from the sensors of the orbiter and the boosters. But during critical phases all the computers are on (5 in total). The computer in cadenced at 3 MHz, during the orbital flight only one computer is on. The parts of the flight programme is loaded in RAM as needed during the mission, divided into 9 parts which is the different parts of a mission. The memory left is used to stock other informations. This flight program is about 15 MBits (1000 instruction paper sheet). Moreover their is a database of 34 MBits on magnetic tape where the flight program is memorized. they have a memory RAM of 3 833 856 bits, 106 496 words of 16 bits. They are programmed in assembler and in FORTRAN. The on-board computer of the orbiter are IBM AP 101 modified.
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